Resumo Este artigo aborda a questão da representação desproporcional de estudantes que pertencem a minorias (em particular migrantes/estrangeiros) na educação especial do Estado espanhol. Apesar de ser um fenômeno amplamente estudado em diversas latitudes, na Espanha foram escassas as pesquisas neste sentido. Por meio de uma análise estatística crítica, aproximamo-nos de um fenômeno que revela diferenças significativas dependendo dos territórios em que ocorre, e as diferenças são tão significativas que nos levam a questionar se os procedimentos de diagnóstico são os que estão "patologizando" as diferenças culturais. O fenômeno é considerado relevante para sua compreensão como mais uma concretização das estratégias de construção da diferença que operam no sistema educacional. Em suma, nosso objetivo é contribuir para a compreensão multidimensional e interdisciplinar da desigualdade educacional ligada à presença da população imigrante/estrangeira, adotando a educação especial como contexto central. migrantes/estrangeiros migrantesestrangeiros migrantes estrangeiros espanhol latitudes sentido crítica aproximamonos aproximamo ocorre patologizando "patologizando culturais suma imigranteestrangeira imigrante estrangeira imigrante/estrangeira central

Abstract This article addresses the issue of the disproportionate representation of students belonging to minorities (specifically migrants/foreigners) in special education in Spain. Despite being a phenomenon widely studied in the world over, in Spain there has been little research in this regard. Through a critical statistical analysis, we approach a phenomenon that reveals significant differences according to the territories in which it occurs, and the differences are so important that they lead us to wonder if it is the diagnostic procedures that are "pathologizing" the cultural differences. The phenomenon is considered relevant for its understanding as one more concretion of the strategies for the construction of difference that operate in the educational system. In short, our objective is to contribute to the multidimensional and interdisciplinary understanding of educational inequality linked to the presence of the immigrant/foreign population, taking special education as the central context. specifically migrants/foreigners migrantsforeigners migrants foreigners over regard analysis occurs pathologizing "pathologizing system short immigrantforeign immigrant foreign population context

ABSTRACT Introduction: Biological treatment is an alternative to manage ulcerative colitis in patients refractory to conventional treatment. Objective: To evaluate biological treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional treatment in a third-level hospital care. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional treatment and who received biological treatment. The slices were evaluated at three moments: basal state (without biological therapy), at six and twelve months from the beginning of the biological treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the population in general; subsequently, the off points were described with their respective variables. Results: 18 patients with a mean age of 41.2 years were included. The evaluations, in a basal state, at six and 12 months; showed the presence of blood in stools and abdominal pain in 94.4%, 22.2%, and,% respectively, hemoglobin concentration >10.5 g/dl in 50%, 83.3%, and 88.9%; serum albumin concentration >3.2 g/dl in 72.2%, 83.3%, and 88.9% and visual endoscopic Mayo scale 38.9%, 33.3%, and 16.7% presented in May 2 and 61.1%, 16.7% and 1.7% in May 3. Histological activity in the baseline evaluation reached a severe level (11.1%), while in assessments at six and 12 months, it reached moderate at 55.6% and 27.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Biological therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis improved clinical, biochemical, endoscopic, and histological manifestations. No profound remission of the disease or adverse reactions to treatment were recorded.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tratamiento biológico es una alternativa para manejar la colitis ulcerativa en pacientes refractarios al tratamiento convencional. Objetivo: Evaluar el tratamiento biológico en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractarios al tratamiento convencional en un hospital de 3er nivel de atención. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractarios al tratamiento convencional y que recibieron tratamiento biológico. Las cortes se evaluaron en tres momentos: estado basal (sin terapia biológica), a los seis y doce meses de inicio del tratamiento biológico. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para la caracterización de la población en general, posteriormente los tres puntos de corte se describieron con sus respectivas variables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes con edad media de 41,2 años. Las evaluaciones, en un estado basal, a los seis y 12 meses; demostraron presencia de sangre en las evacuaciones y dolor abdominal en 94,4%, 22,2% y 11,1% respectivamente, concentración de hemoglobina >10,5 g/dl en 50%, 83,3% y 88,9%; concentración sérica de albúmina >3,2 g/dl en 72,2%, 83,3% y 88,9% y escala visual endoscópica de Mayo 38,9%, 33,3% y 16,7% presentaron Mayo 2 y 61,1%, 16,7% y 1,7% Mayo 3. La actividad histológica en la evaluación basal llego hasta un nivel severo (11,1%), mientras que en evaluaciones a seis y 12 meses llegaron hasta moderada en un 55,6% y 27,8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: La terapia biológica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractaria demostró mejoría en manifestaciones clínicas, bioquímicas, endoscópicas e histológicas. No se registró remisión profunda de la enfermedad, ni reacciones adversas al tratamiento.

Abstract Introduction Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) has revolutionized the surgical techniques for lower-third rectal cancer. The aim of the present study was to analyze the outcomes of quality indicators of TaTME for rectal cancer compared with laparoscopic TME (LaTME). Methods A cohort prospective study with 50 (14 female and 36male) patients, with a mean age of 67 (range: 55.75 to 75.25) years, who underwent surgery for rectal cancer. In total, 20 patients underwent TaTME, and 30, LaTME. Every TaTME procedure was performed by experienced colorectal surgeons. The sample was divided into two groups (TaTME and LaTME), and the quality indicators of the surgery for rectal cancer were analyzed. Results There were no statistically significant differences regarding the patients and the main characteristics of the tumor (age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] score, body mass index [BMI], tumoral stage, neoadjuvant therapy, and distance from the tumor to the external anal margin) between the two groups. The rates of: postoperativemorbidity (TaTME: 35%; LaTME: 30%; p=0.763);mortality (0%); anastomotic leak (TaTME: 10%; LaTME: 13%; p=0.722); wound infection (TaTME: 0%; LaTME: 3.3%; p=0.409); reoperation (TaTME: 5%; LaTME: 6.6%; p=0.808); and readmission (TaTME: 5%; LaTME: 0%; p=0.400), as well as the length of the hospital stay (TaTME: 13.5 days; LaTME: 11 days; p=0.538), were similar in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of positive circumferential resection margin (TaTME: 5%; LaTME: 3.3%; p=0.989) and positive distal resection margin (TaTME: 0%; LaTME: 3.3%; p=0.400), the completeness of the TME (TaTME: 100%; LaTME: 100%), and the number of lymph nodes harvested (TaTME: 15; LaTME: 15.5; p=0.882) between two groups. Conclusion Transanal total mesorectal excision is a safe and feasible surgical procedure for middle/lower-third rectal cancer.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de una intervención farmacéutica, basada en la metodología CMO (Capacidad, Motivación, Oportunidad), para mejorar la adherencia primaria al tratamiento concomitante en pacientes VIH+ en tratamiento antirretroviral. Método: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, multicéntrico, realizado entre septiembre de 2019 y septiembre de 2020. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH+ mayores de 18 años, en tratamiento antirretroviral y prescripción de fármacos concomitantes. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y farmacoterapéuticas. Se realizó atención farmacéutica durante 6 meses según el modelo CMO en cada paciente, basado en su nivel de estratificación y las intervenciones establecidas para cada umbral. En cada consulta se realizó una entrevista motivacional basada en el alcance de los objetivos farmacoterapéuticos para cada paciente. Para desarrollar el pilar de oportunidad se creó y desarrolló la web: http://www.proyecto-pricmo.com. La variable principal fue el porcentaje de pacientes considerados adherentes primarios a la medicación concomitante prescrita, comparando los 6 meses previos al estudio, frente al mismo valor al finalizar el estudio. Adicionalmente, se comparó el porcentaje de pacientes adherentes secundarios al tratamiento concomitante y al tratamiento antirretroviral durante los 6 meses previos al inicio del estudio frente al mismo valor en los pacientes al finalizar el estudio. Para medir la adherencia se consideraron dos métodos: registros y cuestionarios validados específicos. Solo se consideraron adherentes si lo fueron a ambos métodos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 61 pacientes. El 72,0% fueron hombres, con una mediana de edad de 53 años. La mediana de fármacos concomitantes fue de 7. El 60,6% de los pacientes tenían presencia de polifarmacia. El porcentaje de pacientes considerados no adherentes primarios basalmente fue del 52,5% (n = 32), mientras que a la finalización fue del 4,9% (n = 3, p < 0,001). Tanto la adherencia secundaria a la medicación concomitante (41,6% versus 88,3%) como al tratamiento antirretroviral (85,2% versus 95,1%) mejoraron al finalizar el estudio (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La intervención farmacéutica basada en la metodología CMO mejoró significativamente tanto la adherencia primaria como secundaria a la medicación concomitante y la secundaria al tratamiento antirretroviral.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care intervention based on the CMO methodology (Capacity, Motivation and Opportunity) in improving primary adherence to concomitant treatment in HIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment. Method: This was a longitudinal prospective multicenter study carried out between September 2019 and September 2020, which included HIV+ patients older than 18 years who were on antiretroviral treatment and were taking concomitant medications. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic variables were collected. As required by the CMO methodology, all patients were followed for 6 months and stratified into three levels of care. Individualized pharmaceutical care was provided according to the interventions established for each level. At every consultation, a motivational interview was conducted based on each patient’s alignment with and achievement of their pharmacotherapeutic objectives. A website was developed to deal with the opportunity pillar. The main variable was the percentage of patients considered primary adherents to the prescribed concomitant medication. Adherence over the six months prior to the study was compared to adherence at the end of the study. Additionally, the percentage of patients considered secondary adherents to concomitant treatment and antiretroviral treatment during the 6 months prior to the start of the study was compared to the percentage of such patients at the end of the study. Adherence was measured based on dispensation records and specific validated questionnaires. Patients were only considered adherent if they were deemed adherent by both methods. Results: A total of 61 patients were included in the study, 72% male. Median age was 53 years and the median number of concomitant drugs prescribed was 7. A total of 60.6% of patients were polymedicated. The percentage of patients considered primary non-adherent was 52.5% at baseline (n = 32) and 4.9% (n = 3, p < 0.001) at the end of the study. Secondary adherence to both concomitant medication (41.6% vs 88.3%) and antiretroviral treatment (85.2% vs 95.1%) improved at the end of the study (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Pharmaceutical care based on the CMO methodology significantly improved both primary and secondary adherence to concomitant drugs and to antiretroviral treatment.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the tree spatial structure patterns of the mature forest in the Chihuahua, Mexico state, where conifers of conservation importance coexist as Pseudotsuga, Picea, and Abies. The data were collected from eight sampling sites of 1000 m2. 203 structural groups were analyzed in a general way, Pseudotsuga generated 84, Quercus 22, and Pinus 42, these reflected a random distribution according to index (Wi), while the degree of mixing (Mi) stated that the reference species has more than two neighbors of different species, no dominant diameters and heights were generally recorded as (UDi) and (UHi) showed similar values in each of the degrees of dominance, the dimensional differentiation (TDi), (THi) was moderate, similar to studies in disturbed and under-managed forests. Knowledge of the dynamics of mature forests is vital for a more accurate description of the relationships between species in a more authentic way, and it can be the basis for conservation or future restorations in disturbed areas.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los patrones de distribución espacial de un bosque maduro en el estado de Chihuahua, México, donde coexisten coníferas de importancia para la conservación como Pseudotsuga, Picea y Abies. Se utilizó un análisis de patrón de puntos para evaluar mezcla de especies, diferenciación y dominancia dimensional. Los datos se obtuvieron de ocho sitios de muestreo de 1000 m2. Se analizaron de manera general 203 grupos estructurales, Pseudotsuga generó 84, Quercus 22 y Pinus 42, reflejando una distribución aleatoria de acuerdo con el índice de uniformidad de ángulos (Wi), mientras que el grado de mezcla (Mi) manifestó que la especie referencia cuenta con más de dos vecinos de diferente especie. No se registraron diámetros y alturas dominantes de manera general ya que (UDi) y (UHi) mostraron valores similares en cada uno de los grados de dominancia, la diferenciación dimensional (TDi), (THi) fue moderada, similar a estudios en bosques perturbados y bajo manejo. El conocimiento de la dinámica de bosques maduros es vital para una descripción precisa de las relaciones entre especies de manera más auténtica y puede ser base para la conservación o futuras restauraciones en áreas perturbadas.

Resumen Introducción: El sangrado masivo en los pacientes con trauma civil propicia el desarrollo de coagulopatía dilucional. La transfusión de plasma y glóbulos rojos con una relación alta ha sido efectiva para disminuir la mortalidad en pacientes con trauma de guerra; sin embargo, su evidencia en trauma civil es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto sobre la mortalidad de la transfusión de plasma: glóbulos rojos con relación alta (TPGR-RA) versus baja, en pacientes con sangrado masivo por trauma civil. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales y experimentos clínicos publicados en el periodo de enero de 2007 a junio de 2019. El desenlace principal fue mortalidad temprana (24 horas) y tardía (30 días), utilizando el modelo de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 1.295 estudios identificados se incluyeron 33: dos experimentos clínicos y 31 estudios observacionales. El uso de TPGR-RA mostró una disminución de la mortalidad temprana (OR 0,67; IC 95 %, 0,60-0,75) y tardía (OR 0,79; IC 95 %, 0,71-0,87) cuando se analizaron los estudios observacionales, pero no hubo diferencias cuando se evaluaron los experimentos clínicos (OR 0,89; IC 95 %, 0,64-1,26). La exclusión de pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas fue una fuente de heterogeneidad. La gravedad del trauma, ISS (por las iniciales en inglés de injury severity score)modificó la asociación entre la TPGR-RA y mortalidad, siendo menor el efecto protector cuando el ISS era alto. Conclusiones: El uso de TPGR-RA en pacientes con trauma civil y transfusión masiva (TM) tiene efecto protector sobre la mortalidad en los estudios observacionales. La exclusión de pacientes fallecidos en las primeras 24 horas fue causa de heterogeneidad.

Abstract Introduction: Massive bleeding in civilian trauma patients leads to dilutional coagulopathy. Transfusion with high plasma:red blood cell (RBC) ratio has been effective in reducing mortality in war trauma patients. However, in civilian trauma the evidence is controversial. Objective: To assess the impact on mortality of high vs low plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, in civilian trauma patients with massive bleeding. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis, including observational studies and clinical trials, was conducted. Data bases were systemically searched for relevant studies between January 2007 and June 2019. The main outcome was early (24-hours) and late (30-day) mortality. Fixed and random effects models were used. Results: Out of 1295 studies identified, 33 were selected: 2 clinical trials and 31 observational studies. The analysis of observational trials showed both decreased early mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.75) and late mortality (OR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.87) with the use of high plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, but there were no differences when clinical trials were evaluated (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.64-1.26). The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) altered the association between high plasma:RBC ratio and mortality, with a reduced protective effect when the ISS was high. Conclusion: The use of high vs low plasma: RBC ratio transfusion, in patients with massive bleeding due to civil trauma, has a protective effect on early and late mortality in observational studies. The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity.

Resumo O handebol é um dos esportes coletivos mais praticados em todo o mundo, que consiste em diferentes modalidades, com o objetivo de atingir o maior número possível de usuários. Uma das modalidades em expansão nos últimos anos é o Handebol de Praia, pois aproveita a ausência de calendário competitivo na modalidade padronizada para que os usuários continuem praticando. Uma análise comparativa foi realizada entre atletas de handebol padronizado (na pista) e handebol de praia, a fim de determinar as demandas de ambas as modalidades e determinar se essas demandas são semelhantes. A competição foi avaliada através da análise das variáveis externas de carga: número de etapas, saltos, impactos e Player Load. A mostra selecionada foram jogadores de ambas as disciplinas na categoria cadete. Cada jogador foi equipado com um dispositivo inercial WIMUTM. Os resultados mostraram que a modalidade padronizada exige dos atletas maior demanda física que a modalidade de praia. Por esse motivo, os requisitos físicos de ambas as modalidades exigem diferentes processos de treinamento para obter os melhores resultados possíveis na competição.

Abstract Handball is one of the most practiced team sports worldwide that consists of different modalities, with the aim of reaching as many users as possible. One of the modalities with increasing interest in the last years is Beach Handball, as it takes the advantage of the absence of competitive calendar in the standardized modality so that users continue practicing. A comparative analysis was performed between standard handball (indoor) and beach handball athletes in order to determine the demands of both modalities and determine if they are similar. The competition was evaluated by analyzing external load variables: number of steps, jumps, impacts and Player load. The selected sample was composed of U-16 players from both modalities. Each player was equipped with WIMUTM inertial device. The results showed that the standard modality requires greater physical demands than the beach modality. For this reason, the physical demands of the different modalities require different training processes to obtain the best possible results in the competition.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer as demandas dos jogadores nos testes selecionados, buscar diferenças entre categorias e buscar conhecer se havia alguma diferença entre distintas provas. A amostra foi formada por duas equipes (sub-14, sub-16; n = 24) que foram monitorados com dispositivo de inércia WimuR. Selecionaram-se dois testes de agilidade e um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática, e testes para variáveis neuromusculares e cinemáticas. Empregou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis cinemáticas, dependendo da categoria da amostra, porém houve relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares. Afirma-se frequentemente queos testes de capacidade são os que causam maior fadiga no atleta. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma análise na qual um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática foi comparado com um teste de agilidade em suas duas versões. Os resultados obtidos podem facilitar o trabalho e o tempo de avaliação do teste de aptidão física, pois, ao realizar testes de menor exigência, os resultados do atleta podem ser conhecidos em um teste de capacidade, evitando que ele enfrente uma situação de esforço máximo, uma possível lesão e economia tempo de treinamento .

Abstract The objective of this article was to know players’ needs in the selected tests, to search for differences between categories and to know if there is any relationship between different tests. The sample consists of 2 teams (u-14, u-16, n=24), which were equipped with a WimuR inertial device. The selected tests were 2 agility tests and a lactic anaerobic capacity test. Neuromuscular and kinematic variables were selected. Descriptive analysis, inferential analysis and analysis of correlation among variables were carried out. Once players’ needs are described, there are no significant differences among kinematic variables depending on the sample category. Nonetheless, there is relationship between kinematic and neuromuscular variables of the different tests. It is frequently claimed that capacity tests are those that cause more fatigue in athletes. For this reason, an analysis was carried out comparing a lactic anaerobic capacity test with an agility test in its two versions. The obtained results can facilitate the work and the evaluation time of a physical condition test since results of athletes in a capacity test could be known by performing tests of lesser requirement. In addition, this would avoid players from experiencing a situation of maximum effort and possible injury, also saving training time.

Abstract The ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from mature fruits and dried leaves of the Caesalpinia coriaria tree, against Haemonchus contortus and H. placei was evaluated by the egg hatching inhibition test (EHIT). Secondary compounds within the extracts were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Five extract concentrations were assessed in the inhibition tests (25.0, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1 and 1.5 mg/mL), using distilled water and Thiabendazole (0.5 mg/mL) as negative and positive controls, respectively. The results were analysed under a 2 × 2 × 6 completely randomized factorial design, and mean differences were established by the Tukey’s post hoc test. The 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) effective concentrations for each extract were determined using a Probit analysis. A concentration-dependent ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from both leaves and fruits was observed, reaching a 100% efficacy against both nematode species with the 25.0 mg/mL concentration (p < 0.05). The EC50 for the fruit and leaves extracts were established as 1.63 and 3.91 mg/mL, and as 3.98 and 11.68 mg/mL, against H. contortus and H. placei, respectively. The most important secondary compounds identified in extracts were free-condensed tannins, gallic acid and methylgallate. In conclusion, hydro-alcoholic extracts from C. coriaria mature fruits and dried leaves inhibit in vitro egg hatching of H. contortus and H. placei.

RESUMEN Objetivo Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) al español para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos. Materiales y Métodos Doble traducción directa con armonización de versiones, retro-traducción y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. En el proceso de entrevistas cognitivas participaron 20 adultos mayores con edades comprendidas entre 63 y 83 años. Resultados Todos los ítems fueron evaluados como claros y comprensibles. Mediante la técnica de parafraseo e indagación 3 ítems (de un total de 16) se tuvieron que adaptar para lograr una mejor comprensión. Dos de estas adaptaciones consistieron en reemplazar un concepto por uno más utilizado en el contexto chileno y otra modificación fue en relación con la redacción, puesto que su lectura resultaba compleja para esta población. Conclusiones Se obtuvo una versión en español del cuestionario EFAS, la cual demostró ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos.

ABSTRACT Objective To translate and culturally adapt the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) Into Spanish for Chilean older adults. Materials and Methods Double direct translation with harmonization, back translation and analysis of text comprehensibility through cognitive interviews. A sample of 20 older adults between the ages of 63 and 83 participated in the cognitive interview process. Results All items were assessed as clear and understandable. Using the paraphrasing and inquiry techniques, 3 items (out of 16) were adapted to achieve better understanding. Two of these adaptations consisted in replacing one concept with another, as the latter was more used in the Chilean context, and making a non-literal translation, since the literal one was too complex for the elderly to understand. Conclusions A Spanish version of the EFAS was obtained, which proved to be understandable and adapted for its use with Chilean older adults.

RESUMEN Objetivo Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) al español para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos. Materiales y Métodos Doble traducción directa con armonización de versiones, retro-traducción y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. En el proceso de entrevistas cognitivas participaron 20 adultos mayores con edades comprendidas entre 63 y 83 años. Resultados Todos los ítems fueron evaluados como claros y comprensibles. Mediante la técnica de parafraseo e indagación 3 ítems (de un total de 16) se tuvieron que adaptar para lograr una mejor comprensión. Dos de estas adaptaciones consistieron en reemplazar un concepto por uno más utilizado en el contexto chileno y otra modificación fue en relación con la redacción, puesto que su lectura resultaba compleja para esta población. Conclusiones Se obtuvo una versión en español del cuestionario EFAS, la cual demostró ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en adultos mayores chilenos.

ABSTRACT Objective To translate and culturally adapt the Exercise Fear Avoidance Scale (EFAS) Into Spanish for Chilean older adults. Materials and Methods Double direct translation with harmonization, back translation and analysis of text comprehensibility through cognitive interviews. A sample of 20 older adults between the ages of 63 and 83 participated in the cognitive interview process. Results All items were assessed as clear and understandable. Using the paraphrasing and inquiry techniques, 3 items (out of 16) were adapted to achieve better understanding. Two of these adaptations consisted in replacing one concept with another, as the latter was more used in the Chilean context, and making a non-literal translation, since the literal one was too complex for the elderly to understand. Conclusions A Spanish version of the EFAS was obtained, which proved to be understandable and adapted for its use with Chilean older adults.

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca tienen riesgo de desarrollar síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco posoperatorio (SBGC). Estudios previos han encontrado una menor mortalidad con levosimendán respecto a placebo u otros inotrópicos; sin embargo, tres experimentos clínicos no encontraron beneficio frente a este desenlace. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia del levosimendán sobre la mortalidad y los desenlaces secundarios en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca, y determinar las fuentes de heterogeneidad. Métodos: Mediante una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de los experimentos clínicos que evaluaron la eficacia del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca, se evaluó la eficacia en la mortalidad y en otros desenlaces, como lesión renal y SBGC, utilizando los modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 47 estudios identificados, fueron seleccionados 14 (n = 2752). Respecto al desenlace de mortalidad y el uso de levosimendán solo se encontró una disminución en los estudios de baja calidad (OR 0.30; IC 95%, 0.18-0.51), mientras que para los de alta calidad no hubo efecto protector (OR 0.99; IC 95%, 0.70-1.40) con un I2=0%. La calidad de los estudios y la fracción de eyección fueron las principales fuentes de heterogeneidad. Conclusión: el uso del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiovascular no tiene efectos sobre la mortalidad a 30 días en los estudios de alta calidad. Hubo efecto protector sobre la falla renal postoperatoria con necesidad de diálisis.

Abstract Introduction: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery frequently develop low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). Multiple interventions including levosimendan have been used in the prevention and treatment of LCOS. Preliminary studies reported lower mortality respect to placebo or other inotropes, however, recently, 3 clinical trials found no benefit against this outcome. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the evidence of levosimendan on mortality and secondary outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to determine the sources of heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We obtained the odds ratio (OR) of mortality and other outcomes such as kidney injury with dialysis requirement and LCOS, using fixed and random effects models. The risk of bias was assessed and the sources of heterogeneity were explored. Results: Of 47 studies identified, 14 studies were selected (n=2752). Regarding the mortality outcome and use of levosimendan, only a decrease was found in the studies of low quality (OR 0,30; CI 95%, 0,18 to 0,51). While high-quality studies, there was no protective effect (OR 0.99,95% CI 0.70-1.40) with an I2 = 0%. The quality of the studies and ejection fraction were the main sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: In high-quality studies, the use of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery has no effect on 30-day mortality. There was a protective effect on postoperative renal failure with dialysis.

ABSTRACT The analysis between the match status and the technical-tactical effectiveness of players and teams is very widespread. Instead, it has not enough evidence whether this phenomenon directly influences the external load demands during the competition. The objective of the present study is to analyse the influence of game outcome in the external load demands performed by youth male basketball players. 96 elite-level male U'18 basketball players of eight teams were registered during 13 matches of the Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 final round using WIMU PROTM inertial devices through ultra-wide band (UWB) tracking technology. The T-Student statistical test of independent samples with Cohen's d effect size were used for the comparison analysis in relation to the game outcome: (a) balanced (<10 points) and (b) unbalanced (>10 points). Statistically significant differences were found in the external load variables analysed. The higher load demands were performed in unbalanced matches (p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), finding the greatest differences in impacts at all intensities (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). In conclusion, the score has a direct influence in the external load during official matches. Therefore, it is necessary to reproduce these situations during training to face the players with similar stimuli to the competition.

RESUMO O estudo da relação entre o escore final e a eficácia técnico-tática de jogadores e equipes é generalizado, mas ainda não há evidências suficientes sobre se esse fenômeno influencia diretamente as demandas externas de carga durante a competição. O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar a influência do marcador parcial em cada um dos períodos de jogo nas demandas de carga externa apresentadas pelos jogadores júnior masculino de basquetebol. 96 jogadores sub-18 homens pertencentes a oito equipes de basquete de nível elite foram registrados durante 13 jogos da fase final do Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 por dispositivos inerciais WIMU PROTM (RealTrack Sistemas, Almeria, Espanha), obter a análise do tempo-movimento em estádios cobertos por tecnologia de ultra-banda larga (UWB). Os testes estatísticos T-Student para amostras independentes com o tamanho do efeito através de d de Cohen foram utilizados para a análise diferencial em relação a pontuação parcial: (a) equilibrado (<10 pontos) e (b) não equilibrado (> 10 pontos). As diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas em todas as variáveis analisadas da carga externa, com as mais elevadas exigências sobre jogos com resultado não equilibrado (p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), encontrando as principais diferenças nos impactos as todas suas gamas (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). Em conclusão, a pontuação é um fator determinante na carga externa que os jogadores suportam durante as partidas oficiais. Portanto, é necessário reproduzir essas situações durante o treinamento para submeter os jogadores a estímulos semelhantes aos que ocorrem na competição.

RESUMEN El estudio de las relaciones entre el marcador final y la eficacia técnico-táctica de jugadores y equipos está muy extendido. En cambio, no existen suficientes evidencias sobre si este fenómeno influye directamente en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la influencia del marcador parcial en cada uno de los períodos de juego en las demandas de carga externa que presentan los jugadores de baloncesto masculino de formación. 96 jugadores de baloncesto sub-18 de nivel élite masculino pertenecientes a ocho equipos fueron registrados durante 13 partidos de la fase final del Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 mediante dispositivos inerciales WIMU PROTM a través de la tecnología de seguimiento de ultra-banda ancha (UWB). La prueba estadística T-Student de muestras independientes junto con el tamaño del efecto mediante d de Cohen fueron utilizados para el análisis comparativo en relación al marcador final del cuarto: (a) equilibrados (<10 puntos) y (b) desequilibrados (>10 puntos). Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables de carga externa analizadas. Las mayores exigencias fueron realizadas en los partidos desequilibrados (p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64) encontrando las mayores diferencias en la variable impactos en todas las intensidades (3-5G, 5-8G, >8G). En conclusión, el marcador tiene una influencia directa en la carga externa que soportan los jugadores durante los partidos oficiales. Por tanto, es necesario reproducir estas situaciones durante los entrenamientos para someter a los jugadores a estímulos semejantes a los que se producen en la competición.

A collection of 19 Urochloa brizantha accessions was studied, in association with Stylosanthes guianensis on a soil characterized by acidity, in order to select the best ones for this soil type. The measured and estimated variables were: vegetative height, availability and non-consumed pasture residue. In addition, leafiness, cover, vigor, CP content, fiber (NDF and ADF) degradation and IVDMD, were determined. The interpretation of the results was done through principal component analysis; and for grouping the associations and selecting those that had similar characteristics, cluster analysis was used. The existence of a high accumulated variability (75,9 %) was detected in the first four components. When analyzing the agronomic and nutritional value performance, after three years of exploitation, the formation of six groups was identified; the associations in which the accessions that form group II were present (CIAT-16335 and CIAT-26646) stood out, reaching the highest values in height, availability and utilization, as well as high vigor and high CP contents and IVDMD. These associations that included the accessions that belonged to group II (CIAT-16335 and CIAT-26646) were present showed the best performance, when making an overall analysis of agronomic and nutritional value variables. It is recommended to study structural and floristic composition variables, as well as the seed production potential, in order to propose a pre-commercial variety for the agroecosystems with acid soil.

Se estudió una colección de 19 accesiones de Urochloa brizantha, en asociación con Stylosanthes guianensis en un suelo caracterizado por la acidez, con el objetivo de seleccionar las mejores para este tipo de suelo. Las variables medidas y estimadas fueron: la altura vegetativa, la disponibilidad y el residuo de pasto no consumido. Además, se determinó la hojosidad, la cobertura, el vigor, el contenido de PB, la degradación de la fibra (FND y FAD) y la DIVMS. La interpretación de los resultados se realizó a través de análisis de componentes principales, y para agrupar las asociaciones y seleccionar aquellas que tuviesen características semejantes se utilizó el análisis de conglomerados. Se constató la existencia de una alta variabilidad acumulada (75,9 %) en las primeras cuatro componentes. Al analizar el comportamiento agronómico y del valor nutricional, después de tres años de explotación, se identificó la formación de seis grupos; se destacaron las asociaciones en donde estuvieron presentes las accesiones que forman el grupo II (CIAT-16335 y CIAT-26646), las cuales alcanzaron los mayores valores en altura, disponibilidad y utilización, así como alto vigor y elevados contenidos de PB y DIVMS. Estas asociaciones donde estuvieron presentes las accesiones que pertenecieron al grupo II (CIAT-16335 y CIAT-26646) mostraron el mejor comportamiento, al hacer un análisis en conjunto de las variables agronómicas y del valor nutricional Se recomienda estudiar variables estructurales y de la composición florística, así como el potencial de producción de semilla, con el fin de proponer una variedad precomercial para los agroecosistemas con suelo ácido.

Abstract In several areas of the world, the decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the lakes has affected negatively their quality. In Mexico, the Chapala Lake is the most important water body, since it has a transcendental role in the productive development of the region. Nevertheless, is also one of the most polluted bodies of water, therefore, the monitoring of the water quality is an important issue for its management. However, time and cost, involved in a constant sampling, are some of the main limitations for such monitoring. Therefore, we used alternative methodologies based on geostatistical approaches. In this way, we studied the OD spatial-temporal continuity of OD, through interpolations defined with ordinary kriging. The results showed that it was possible to model the variation spatial-temporal of OD concentrations, both along the Lake of Chapala, as at different depths. However, in some cases, the variograms presented a spatial trend at a global level. Therefore, in future work, we suggest to modeling OD based on universal kriging.

Resumen La disminución del oxígeno disuelto (OD) en ecosistemas acuáticos alrededor del mundo ha afectado su calidad. El objetivo fue estimar la variación espacio-temporal del OD en el agua del lago de Chapala, México. Fueron seleccionados 16 sitios (n = 16) y en cada uno se cuantificó la concentración de OD in situ a cinco profundidades; en la superficie, y a 1, 2, 3 y 4 m. Las fechas de cuantificación fueron en septiembre, octubre, diciembre, febrero y junio (1996-1997). La información se analizó con la técnica geoestadística de Kriging ordinario, cuyo primer resultado son los variogramas. Los resultados indicaron que en diciembre, febrero y junio los niveles de OD fueron superiores a 5 mg l-1; mientras que en octubre, en la parte sureste del lago, se observaron concentraciones inferiores a 3 mg l-1. Los resultados mostraron que fue posible modelar la variación espacio-temporal de OD tanto a lo largo del lago de Chapala como a diferentes profundidades. Sin embargo, se observó que en algunos casos los variogramas presentaron una tendencia espacial a nivel global, por lo que, en futuros trabajos, se sugiere modelar con base en Kriging universal o utilizando otros modeles de interpolación.